Prostate cancer pathology has started to be understood at the molecular level. Nowadays, the parameters most used for surveillance, diagnosis, and design of treatments are the blood level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), the biopsy clinical stage, and the Gleason score of tumors ( Humphrey, 2014 Seitzer et al., 2014 Jones et al., 2018 Martin et al., 2018 McCrea et al., 2018). Indeed, PCa is a highly heterogeneous disease, comprising mostly adenocarcinomas that display a wide spectrum of both clinical evolution patterns and phenotypic defects ( Humphrey, 2014 Seitzer et al., 2014 Network, 2015 Packer and Maitland, 2016 Arora and Barbieri, 2018). PCa is defined as the uncontrolled growth of cells from the gland epithelium that acquire the ability to scatter.

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Prostate is a gland laying underneath the bladder that secretes factors for sperm maintenance and viability throughout life. For instance, in the Americas, PCa is the most commonly diagnosed malign neoplasia with over 400,000 new cases and the second cause of cancer death with about 80,000 dead men in 2018 ( Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration et al., 2015 Dy et al., 2017 Bray et al., 2018 Pilleron et al., 2018).

In low-income countries, the importance of this malady is even more dramatic. The most recent data (2018) have reported about 360,000 deaths and almost 1.3 million new cases due to this neoplasia worldwide ( Dy et al., 2017 Bray et al., 2018 Ferlay et al., 2018 Pilleron et al., 2018). In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art of three key aspects of protein synthesis in PCa, namely, misexpression of translation initiation factors, dysregulation of the major signaling cascades regulating translation, and the therapeutic strategies based on pharmacological compounds targeting translation as a novel alternative to those based on hormones controlling the androgen receptor pathway.Īmong different types of cancers, prostate cancer (PCa) is the third most commonly diagnosed tumor around the world, ranking second in incidence among men and fifth leading cause of cancer death in this gender. In particular, the initiation step of translation has been established to play a key role in tumorigenesis. It is only recently that defects of the translation process, i.e., the synthesis of proteins by the ribosome using a messenger (m)RNA as a template, have begun to gain attention as an important cause of cancer development in different human tissues, including prostate. Despite the advances understanding the molecular processes driving the onset and progression of this disease, as well as the continued implementation of screening programs, PCa still remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, in particular in low-income countries. Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most prevalent cancer in men worldwide. 4Department of Oncologic Urology, National Institute of Cancer, Mexico City, Mexico.3Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, The National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.2Cátedra-CONACyT Program, Hereditary Cancer Clinic, National Institute of Cancer, Mexico City, Mexico.1Translation and Cancer Laboratory, Unit of Biomedical Research on Cancer, National Institute of Cancer, Mexico City, Mexico.Ramírez 1 Abraham Pedroza-Torres 2 Luis A.

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